Introduction
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy (DOE) that coordinates federal research, development, and deployment activities in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Since its inception, EERE has sought to reduce the nation’s dependence on imported oil, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and foster innovation in clean energy sectors. The program operates through a mix of grants, contracts, and collaborative partnerships with industry, academia, and state and local governments.
EERE’s portfolio covers a broad spectrum of technologies, including advanced building systems, next‑generation electric vehicles, high‑efficiency industrial processes, and renewable generation such as solar photovoltaic and wind. The office also manages several national laboratories and oversees large‑scale demonstration projects designed to accelerate the transition to a low‑carbon economy. Its work aligns with national climate goals and supports the broader mission of the DOE to advance U.S. energy security.
In addition to technological development, EERE emphasizes data collection, performance measurement, and policy analysis. The office publishes technical reports, best‑practice guides, and policy briefs that inform decision makers and the public. These resources contribute to a transparent and evidence‑based approach to energy innovation, ensuring that federal investments translate into tangible economic and environmental benefits.
History and Background
The origins of EERE trace back to the late 1990s, when the U.S. government recognized the need for a coordinated approach to energy efficiency and renewable resources. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 formally established the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office, consolidating disparate programs that had previously existed under separate DOE departments. This realignment aimed to streamline funding mechanisms and foster cross‑disciplinary collaboration among research institutions.
Early projects focused on improving insulation standards for residential and commercial buildings and expanding the deployment of small wind turbines. Over time, EERE’s mandate expanded to include emerging technologies such as fuel cells, advanced batteries, and energy‑storage systems. The creation of the Advanced Manufacturing Office in 2015 further extended EERE’s influence into industrial processes, enabling high‑efficiency production methods that reduce energy consumption and waste.
Throughout the 2010s, EERE played a pivotal role in shaping the U.S. response to climate change. By allocating significant resources to research on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) as well as to grid modernization initiatives, the office contributed to a broader strategy of decarbonization. The subsequent Biden administration’s focus on clean energy amplified EERE’s priorities, with increased funding for renewable generation and electric vehicle infrastructure.
Recent initiatives emphasize resilience and sustainability. EERE now integrates climate risk assessment into technology deployment strategies, ensuring that new systems are adaptable to changing environmental conditions. The office’s continuous evolution reflects the dynamic nature of the energy sector and the necessity of responsive governance.
Mission and Objectives
EERE’s mission is to accelerate the deployment of energy‑saving and renewable technologies, thereby reducing the U.S. dependence on non‑renewable resources, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting economic growth. The office achieves this through research and development (R&D), policy support, and the facilitation of technology transfer between academia, industry, and the public sector.
The core objectives include:
- Advancing high‑performance building technologies to improve energy conservation in the built environment.
- Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and associated charging infrastructure to reduce transportation emissions.
- Enhancing industrial energy efficiency through process optimization and advanced manufacturing.
- Expanding renewable generation capacity and developing complementary storage solutions.
- Encouraging innovation in emerging fields such as hydrogen production, bioenergy, and advanced materials.
These objectives are pursued through a combination of targeted funding mechanisms, technical assistance, and strategic partnerships, ensuring that federal resources align with national energy and environmental priorities.
Organizational Structure
EERE is organized into several directorates that align with its key research areas. Each directorate comprises program managers, scientific staff, and technical specialists who coordinate funding and oversight of research initiatives. The main directorates include:
- Building Technologies and Energy Services
- Transportation Energy Efficiency
- Industrial Energy Efficiency
- Renewable Energy Technologies
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs (Policy and Outreach)
The office is led by a Director who reports directly to the DOE Under Secretary for Energy. Supporting the Director are senior advisors who provide expertise in specific technology domains. The structure allows for cross‑directorate collaboration, ensuring that synergies between building, transportation, and industrial sectors are effectively leveraged.
External stakeholders, such as research institutions and industry consortiums, participate through advisory boards and working groups. These bodies review program proposals, assess performance metrics, and recommend policy adjustments. This governance model fosters transparency and accountability in the allocation of federal resources.
Funding and Budget
EERE’s budget is sourced primarily from congressional appropriations, with supplemental funding from specific legislation such as the Energy Independence and Security Act and the Inflation Reduction Act. The budget is distributed across research, demonstration, and policy programs, with allocations adjusted annually to reflect emerging priorities.
Typical funding mechanisms include:
- Competitive grants to universities and private firms for basic and applied research.
- Contracts for large‑scale demonstration projects and pilot deployments.
- Cooperative agreements for technology transfer and workforce development.
Financial stewardship is monitored through rigorous performance audits and public reporting. The Office maintains detailed budgetary documentation, outlining expenditures by programmatic area and ensuring compliance with federal regulations. This financial transparency supports stakeholder confidence in the effectiveness of EERE’s investments.
Key Research Areas and Programmatic Priorities
Building Technologies
Building energy consumption accounts for a significant portion of total U.S. energy use. EERE’s building programs focus on high‑performance envelope designs, advanced HVAC controls, and smart energy management systems. Research initiatives include the development of integrated building automation platforms that utilize machine learning to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) schedules based on occupancy patterns and weather forecasts.
Demonstration projects, such as the Better Buildings Challenge, provide real‑world validation of new technologies. These projects assess cost‑effectiveness, occupant comfort, and energy savings over extended periods, generating data that inform policy and market adoption.
Automotive and Transportation
Reducing emissions from the transportation sector is critical to achieving climate targets. EERE supports the advancement of electric propulsion systems, battery technologies, and charging infrastructure. Programs such as the Advanced Battery Consortium focus on improving energy density, reducing lifecycle costs, and enhancing safety for EV batteries.
Research also extends to alternative fuels, including hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. EERE funds pilot projects that evaluate the feasibility of hydrogen fueling stations in rural and urban settings, as well as studies on lifecycle emissions of advanced biofuels derived from algae or agricultural waste.
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Industrial processes consume a large share of energy, with significant opportunities for efficiency improvements. EERE’s industrial programs target process optimization, waste heat recovery, and advanced manufacturing technologies. Collaborative efforts with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) enhance measurement and verification protocols, ensuring accurate assessment of energy savings.
Partnerships with the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) provide technical assistance to small and medium‑sized manufacturers, facilitating the adoption of energy‑saving practices and equipment upgrades.
Advanced Manufacturing
Advanced manufacturing integrates digital technologies, such as additive manufacturing and robotics, with traditional production lines. EERE supports research on process integration that reduces energy consumption while maintaining product quality. Projects investigate the energy profile of 3D printing processes and the potential for closed‑loop material recycling within manufacturing facilities.
Funding also extends to workforce development, ensuring that the future manufacturing workforce possesses the skills required to operate energy‑efficient technologies. This includes STEM training programs and apprenticeship initiatives in collaboration with industry partners.
Renewable Energy Technologies
EERE’s renewable energy portfolio spans solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, geothermal, and emerging technologies such as wave and tidal power. Research objectives include increasing energy conversion efficiency, reducing material costs, and improving system integration with the electric grid.
Large‑scale demonstration projects, like the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) Grid Integration Research Center, assess the impact of high renewable penetration on grid stability. These studies inform grid‑management policies and support the deployment of smart grid technologies.
Major Initiatives and Projects
Better Buildings Challenge: A national competition that encourages commercial and institutional buildings to reduce energy intensity by 30–40 % over a five‑year period. The program provides technical assistance, tools for energy benchmarking, and recognition for high‑performing buildings.
Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative: A collaborative effort to enhance the domestic manufacturing capacity for renewable energy components, including photovoltaic cells and wind turbine blades. The initiative offers grants for research into lightweight materials and scalable production techniques.
Advanced Battery Consortium: Focuses on the development of high‑energy‑density batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage. The consortium coordinates research on solid‑state chemistries, recycling processes, and safety protocols.
Hydrogen Energy Center: Dedicated to research on hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. Projects explore electrolysis using renewable electricity, high‑pressure storage solutions, and fuel cell integration for both transportation and stationary applications.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Grid Integration Research Center: Investigates the interaction between renewable generation and the electric grid. The center evaluates demand‑response strategies, energy‑storage integration, and the impact of distributed energy resources on grid reliability.
Industrial Energy Efficiency Demonstration Program: Supports pilot projects in steel, cement, and chemical plants to implement advanced heat‑recovery systems, high‑efficiency furnaces, and process optimization software.
Collaborations and Partnerships
EERE engages with a diverse network of stakeholders to advance its mission. Key partners include academic research institutions, national laboratories, industry consortiums, and state energy offices. Collaborative agreements allow for the sharing of data, resources, and expertise, fostering an environment where innovation can thrive.
International cooperation is also a critical component of EERE’s strategy. Joint research projects with foreign energy agencies address global challenges such as carbon sequestration and renewable integration. These partnerships help to align U.S. research priorities with international climate commitments.
Workforce development is supported through partnerships with educational institutions and vocational training programs. Initiatives such as the Energy Workforce Initiative provide scholarships, internships, and curriculum development to build a skilled workforce capable of supporting the energy transition.
Impact and Outcomes
EERE’s funding has resulted in measurable energy savings, emissions reductions, and economic benefits. The Better Buildings Challenge alone has contributed to a cumulative reduction of approximately 1.5 million tons of CO₂ annually across participating buildings. These savings translate into significant cost reductions for building owners and occupants.
In the transportation sector, the deployment of electric vehicles supported by EERE research has increased the U.S. EV fleet to over 2 million vehicles, reducing tailpipe emissions by an estimated 10 million metric tons of CO₂ annually. The development of advanced battery technologies has lowered the cost of EV batteries by nearly 50 % over the past decade, making electric vehicles more accessible to consumers.
Industrial projects have delivered efficiency gains ranging from 10 % to 30 % in energy consumption per unit of production. For example, a pilot program in a steel mill achieved a 15 % reduction in energy use by integrating waste‑heat recovery with process heating.
Renewable energy deployments supported by EERE have contributed to a 10 % increase in the share of renewable electricity in the national grid. This growth has been accompanied by a parallel decline in fossil fuel–based generation, contributing to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in many regions.
Economic impacts extend beyond direct energy savings. EERE investments have spurred job creation in clean‑energy manufacturing, research and development, and grid services. According to DOE analysis, every dollar invested in EERE research generates approximately $3.50 in economic activity, supporting employment across multiple sectors.
Future Directions
Looking ahead, EERE prioritizes the integration of digital technologies with energy systems. The office is investing in the development of cyber‑physical security protocols to protect critical infrastructure from emerging threats. Research on blockchain applications for energy trading aims to increase transparency and efficiency in electricity markets.
Climate resilience remains a core focus. EERE will expand its portfolio of studies that evaluate the vulnerability of energy infrastructure to extreme weather events. These studies will inform adaptive design standards and guide investment in hardening the grid.
In the renewable domain, the office is exploring the potential of next‑generation solar materials, such as perovskite‑based cells, which promise higher efficiencies at lower production costs. Collaborative efforts with materials science laboratories aim to resolve issues related to stability and scalability.
Hydrogen is positioned as a pivotal energy vector for decarbonizing sectors that are difficult to electrify directly. EERE will continue to fund research on green hydrogen production, storage technologies, and the development of cost‑effective fuel cells suitable for both transportation and industrial applications.
Finally, EERE will strengthen its workforce development initiatives to ensure that the energy workforce can meet the demands of an increasingly sophisticated energy landscape. Partnerships with industry and educational institutions will provide updated curricula, hands‑on training, and career pathways for emerging technologies.
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
---Mission Statement
The **Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)** is a branch of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) dedicated to developing, advancing, and deploying cutting-edge energy technologies. The primary goal is to reduce the United States' overall energy consumption while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The office achieves this by supporting research, fostering innovation, and providing public services across various sectors, including building, transportation, and industrial domains. ---Key Functions
| Function | Description | |---|---| | **Research & Development** | Fund and oversee basic and applied research in clean energy technologies. | | **Demonstration Projects** | Manage pilot installations to validate new technologies in real-world settings. | | **Policy & Outreach** | Provide technical guidance to inform energy policies and engage the public. | ---Organizational Structure
- Director – Leads the office, reporting directly to the DOE Under Secretary for Energy.
- Senior Advisors – Provide expert guidance in specific technology domains.
- Directorates – Building Technologies, Transportation Energy Efficiency, Industrial Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Technologies, and Policy & Outreach.
- External Advisory Boards – Universities, industry consortia, and state energy offices provide oversight and recommendations.
Research Priorities
| Domain | Priority Areas | |---|---| | **Building Technologies** | High‑performance envelopes, HVAC controls, and energy‑management systems. | | **Transportation** | Electric vehicles, battery tech, charging infrastructure, hydrogen fuel cells, and biofuels. | | **Industrial & Advanced Manufacturing** | Process optimization, waste‑heat recovery, additive manufacturing, and workforce training. | | **Renewable Energy** | Solar PV, wind, geothermal, wave, tidal, grid integration, and emerging technologies. | ---Notable Initiatives
- Better Buildings Challenge – Competitions for commercial building energy intensity reductions.
- Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative – Boost domestic renewable component production.
- Advanced Battery Consortium – Develop high‑energy‑density batteries for EVs and grid storage.
- Hydrogen Energy Center – Research hydrogen production, storage, and fuel cell usage.
Impact Highlights
| Sector | Energy Savings | CO₂ Reduction | Economic Impact | |---|---|---|---| | **Buildings** | 1.5 M tons CO₂ saved annually | 1.5 M tons | $3.50 per $1 invested | | **Transportation** | 10 M tons CO₂ | 10 M tons | 2 M EVs in fleet | | **Industrial** | 10–30 % energy efficiency | 10–15 % energy use per unit | 2–5 % cost savings | | **Renewables** | 10 % grid share increase | ~50 M tons | 5% job creation | ---Future Outlook
- Digital Integration – Cyber‑physical security, blockchain energy trading, AI‑based grid management.
- Climate Resilience – Assess infrastructure vulnerability to extreme events.
- Next‑Gen Solar – Explore perovskite‑based cells for higher efficiencies.
- Hydrogen – Expand research on production, storage, and fuel cells.
- Workforce Development – Collaborate with educational institutions for STEM training.
Summary
EERE serves as a vital catalyst for the United States’ transition to a more sustainable, efficient, and technologically advanced energy system. Through research funding, demonstration projects, and collaboration with stakeholders, EERE has delivered tangible reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while fostering economic growth and job creation across multiple sectors. Its continued focus on emerging technologies, digital integration, and climate resilience positions EERE as an essential partner in addressing both current and future energy challenges. ---Research on Green Hydrogen Production
Green Hydrogen Production
- Green hydrogen: Power ...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
Mission Statement
The **Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)**, part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), aims to develop, advance, and deploy cutting-edge energy technologies to reduce overall U.S. energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This is achieved through funding research, fostering innovation, and providing public services across multiple sectors.Key Functions
| Function | Description | |----------|-------------| | **Research & Development** | Funds basic and applied research in clean energy technologies. | | **Demonstration Projects** | Manages pilot installations to validate new technologies. | | **Policy & Outreach** | Offers technical guidance to inform energy policies and public engagement. |Organizational Structure
The office is led by a Director, supported by senior advisors and organized into five directorates:- Building Technologies and Energy Services
- Transportation Energy Efficiency
- Industrial Energy Efficiency
- Renewable Energy Technologies
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Programs (Policy & Outreach)
Funding and Budget
EERE’s budget comes from congressional appropriations, supplemented by specific legislation. Funding mechanisms include competitive grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. Financial stewardship is audited and reported publicly.Research Priorities
| Domain | Priority Areas | |--------|----------------| | **Building** | High‑performance envelope designs, HVAC controls, smart automation | | **Transport** | Electric propulsion, battery tech, charging infrastructure | | **Industrial** | Process optimization, waste heat recovery, advanced manufacturing | | **Renewable** | Solar PV, wind, geothermal, emerging tech | | **Advanced Manufacturing** | Additive manufacturing, robotics, energy‑efficient production |Major Initiatives & Projects
- Better Buildings Challenge: Reducing building energy intensity.
- Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative: Enhancing domestic renewable component production.
- Advanced Battery Consortium; …
Mission
The **Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)**, a division of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is tasked with accelerating the U.S. transition to a clean‑energy future. Its mission is to **reduce overall energy consumption and greenhouse‑gas emissions** through the development, demonstration, and deployment of advanced technologies across the building, transportation, industrial, and renewable‑energy sectors. ---Key Functions
| Function | Core Activity | Typical Output | |----------|---------------|----------------| | **Research & Development** | Fund basic and applied research in universities, industry, and national laboratories | New concepts, prototypes, and data sets | | **Demonstration & Pilot Projects** | Oversee large‑scale installations that validate real‑world performance | Energy‑saving benchmarks, cost‑impact studies | | **Policy & Outreach** | Provide technical guidance for legislation, standards, and public engagement | White papers, best‑practice toolkits, stakeholder briefings | ---Organizational Structure
- Director (reports to DOE Under Secretary for Energy)
- Senior Advisors – technical experts per domain
- Five Directorates
Funding and Budget
| Source | Amount (2023 FY) | Distribution | Accountability | |--------|------------------|--------------|----------------| | Congressional Appropriations | ~$X B* | 70 % to R&D, 20 % to demonstration, 10 % to policy/outreach | External audits; annual public report | | Legislation (e.g., Inflation Reduction Act, 2022) | Title III, Chapter 5 | Targeted grants for cost‑effective tech | Legislative briefings | Funding mechanisms: competitive grants, performance‑based contracts, and cooperative agreements. All financial activity is audited and disclosed through DOE’s annual “Energy‑Savings & Economic‑Impact” report. ---Research Priorities
| Domain | Priority Areas | Representative Projects | |--------|----------------|--------------------------| | **Buildings** | • High‑performance envelopes• Advanced HVAC controls
• Smart energy‑management systems | **Better Buildings Challenge** (annual competitions) | | **Transportation** | • Electric‑vehicle (EV) powertrains & batteries
• Charging‑infrastructure networks
• Hydrogen fuel cells & biofuels | **Hydrogen Energy Center** (green‑hydrogen research) | | **Industrial & Advanced Manufacturing** | • Process optimization & waste‑heat recovery
• Additive manufacturing & robotics
• Workforce training & STEM pathways | **Industrial‑Efficiency Demonstrations** | | **Renewable Energy** | • Solar PV & next‑generation cells
• Wind, geothermal, wave & tidal technologies
• Grid‑integration and resilience | **Grid‑Integration Research Center** (NREL) | ---
Major Initiatives & Projects
| Initiative | Focus | Key Deliverables | |------------|-------|------------------| | **Better Buildings Challenge** | Reduce commercial‑building energy intensity | 1.5 M t CO₂ saved per year | | **Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative** | Enhance domestic production of renewable components | Cost‑effective, scalable supply chains | | **Advanced Battery Consortium** | Develop high‑energy‑density batteries for EVs & grid storage | New chemistries, life‑cycle data | | **Hydrogen Energy Center** | Green‑hydrogen production, storage, and fuel‑cell usage | Pilot plants, safety protocols | | **Renewable‑Energy Demonstrations** | Solar PV, wind, geothermal, wave & tidal pilots | Grid‑integration metrics | | **Industrial‑Efficiency Program** | Process‑level optimizations & waste‑heat recovery | 10–30 % efficiency gains | | **Advanced‑Manufacturing Program** | Additive manufacturing & robotics for energy‑efficient production | Pilot facilities, workforce training | ---Collaborations & Partnerships
- External Advisory Boards: Universities, state energy agencies, industry consortia (e.g., DOE‑DOE)
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): Grid‑integration research, wind‑solar co‑generation studies
- Department of Commerce: Trade‑and‑manufacturing initiatives
- Legislative Stakeholders: Energy‑policy committees, House & Senate Energy & Commerce Committees
- Public Engagement: Community workshops, outreach webinars, digital toolkits
Impact & Outcomes
| Sector | Energy Savings (Annual) | CO₂ Reduction | Economic Benefit | |--------|-------------------------|---------------|------------------| | **Buildings** | 1.5 M t CO₂ | 1.5 M t | $3.50 per $1 invested | | **Transportation** | 10 M t CO₂ | 10 M t | 2 M EVs added to fleet | | **Industrial** | 10–30 % efficiency | 10–15 % energy per unit | 2–5 % cost savings | | **Renewables** | 10 % increase in grid share | ~50 M t | 5 % job creation | ---Future Directions
| Focus Area | Planned Advances | |-----------|------------------| | **Digital Integration** | AI‑based grid management, blockchain energy trading, cyber‑physical security | | **Climate Resilience** | Infrastructure vulnerability studies for extreme events | | **Next‑Gen Solar** | Perovskite‑based cells for >30 % efficiency | | **Hydrogen** | Expanded green‑hydrogen production & fuel‑cell deployment | | **Workforce Development** | STEM curriculum upgrades, hands‑on training, industry apprenticeship programs | ---Research on Green Hydrogen Production
What Is Green Hydrogen?
Green hydrogen is hydrogen gas produced **solely from renewable electricity (solar, wind, hydro)** via water electrolysis, emitting no CO₂ during production. It serves as a clean energy carrier that can replace fossil fuels in electricity generation, heating, transportation, and industrial processes.Production Methods
| Method | Energy Source | Key Tech | Typical Scale | |-------|---------------|----------|---------------| | **Electrolysis (PEM)** | Solar/Wind | Proton‑exchange membrane | 1–10 MW pilot | | **Electrolysis (Alkaline)** | Solar/Wind | Large‑scale electrolyzer | >100 MW commercial | | **Hydro‑thermal (Steam‑Methane Reforming)** | – | Non‑renewable | *Excluded from “green” definition* | | **Advanced Techniques** | High‑intensity solar, concentrated solar power | Hybrid photovoltaic‑thermal setups | R&D stage |Storage and Transport
- Compressed Gas (H₂‑C) – 700 bar tanks, limited range.
- Liquefied Hydrogen (LH₂) – 20 K cryogenic tanks, higher energy density but energy‑intensive liquefaction.
- Chemical Carriers – Ammonia, methanol, or liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) for easier logistics and safety.
Utilization Pathways
- Power Generation – Fuel cells (PEMFC) for stationary & mobile applications.
- Transportation – Fuel‑cell vehicles (FCV), heavy‑duty trucks, buses, maritime vessels.
- Industrial Processes – Steelmaking (blast‑furnace), refining, ammonia synthesis.
Challenges and Barriers
| Category | Barrier | Current Status | |----------|---------|----------------| | **Cost** | Capital expense of electrolyzers & infrastructure | €4–8 €/kg H₂ (2023) – trending down | | **Energy Efficiency** | 70–80 % overall conversion efficiency | Research on higher‑efficiency cells | | **Grid Capacity** | Limited renewable capacity at times of peak H₂ demand | Demand‑side management studies | | **Safety** | Hydrogen embrittlement, leaks | Advanced materials & monitoring systems | | **Policy & Incentives** | Inconsistent subsidies & standards | EERE policy‑outreach initiatives underway |Future Outlook
- Economics: Expect 20‑30 % cost decline by 2030 with economies of scale.
- Technology: Solid‑state electrolyzers, integrated photovoltaic‑thermal hybrids, and autonomous hydrogen‑transport logistics.
- Policy: Alignment of federal incentives (e.g., Inflation Reduction Act credits) with state renewable targets.
- EERE Role: Continued funding of pilot projects (Hydrogen Energy Center), policy guidance, and workforce development for a green‑hydrogen supply chain.
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