Introduction
The Nikon D90 is a 10‑megapixel digital single‑lens reflex (DSLR) camera that was introduced by Nikon Corporation in 2008. It was marketed as the first DSLR to support high‑definition video recording and the first to offer a touchscreen interface in a camera of its class. The D90 represented a significant evolution in Nikon's DSLR lineup, targeting advanced enthusiasts who desired both still‑photography capability and video functionality within a single body. The camera was produced until the release of its successor, the Nikon D7000, in 2010, after which it was discontinued but remained popular in secondary‑market segments.
History and Background
Development Context
Prior to the D90, Nikon had released the D80 (2006) and the D3000 series, both of which focused primarily on still‑image performance. By the late 2000s, the consumer market was witnessing a growing demand for hybrid imaging solutions that combined still photography with video. Competitors such as Canon and Sony were introducing models that supported 720p and 1080p video, and digital media consumption was becoming increasingly mobile. Nikon responded by developing the D90, which incorporated both a new sensor design and an upgraded processor capable of handling high‑definition video streams.
Launch and Reception
The Nikon D90 was announced at the 2008 International Camera Show in Frankfurt, Germany. It was positioned as a mid‑range model for advanced amateurs and entry‑level professionals. At launch, the camera was praised for its solid build quality, ergonomic design, and the novelty of its touchscreen. However, some reviewers noted that the 10‑megapixel sensor provided lower resolution compared to contemporaneous competitors that offered 12‑megapixel or higher resolutions. Despite this, the D90’s performance in dynamic range and low‑light conditions was generally considered strong.
Key Concepts and Design Philosophy
Hybrid Imaging Approach
The D90 was conceived as a hybrid imaging platform, integrating a dedicated still‑image sensor with a video encoder capable of rendering 720p video at 30 frames per second and 1080i video at 30 frames per second. This duality required careful balancing of power consumption, heat dissipation, and data throughput. The camera’s internal architecture was designed to accommodate both high‑speed still image capture and continuous video recording without compromising image quality.
Touchscreen Interface
A 3‑inch active‑matrix liquid‑crystal display (LCD) with 230,000 dots was introduced, featuring a multi‑touch interface that allowed users to navigate menus, focus, and zoom directly on the display. This was a departure from Nikon’s tradition of mechanical controls, and it signaled the company’s intent to modernize its interface design. The touchscreen also included a rear‑viewfinder and a 1.8‑meter focal length viewfinder with a magnification factor of 0.85×, offering a traditional optical experience alongside the new digital controls.
Build and Ergonomics
The D90’s body was constructed using a polycarbonate shell reinforced with magnesium alloy in critical areas such as the grip and the button housing. The camera offered a comfortable grip with rubberized surfaces on the side, top, and rear of the body. The arrangement of buttons and dials remained consistent with previous Nikon DSLRs, ensuring a low learning curve for existing users.
Technical Specifications
Sensor and Image Processor
- Sensor: 10‑megapixel APS‑C CMOS (effective 10.5 × 7.5 mm)
- Resolution: 3,200 × 2,400 pixels (7.5 MP)
- Dynamic range: 11 stops (typical)
- ISO sensitivity: 200–6,400 (expandable to 100–25,600)
- Image processor: EXPEED
Lens Mount and Compatibility
The camera uses Nikon’s F‑mount lens system, providing full compatibility with Nikon AF lenses. In addition, the D90 offers a wide range of third‑party lenses from manufacturers such as Sigma, Tamron, and Tokina, due to the universal F‑mount interface. A multi‑function button allows quick switching between lenses and focus modes.
Autofocus and Metering
- Autofocus system: 11‑point AF (cross‑type sensor at center)
- Metering modes: 3‑zone, center‑weighted, and spot
- Focus modes: AF‑S (single‑shot), AF‑C (continuous), and MF (manual)
Video Recording
- 720p at 30 fps (H.264/AVC, 8‑bit, 16:9 aspect)
- 1080i at 30 fps (H.264/AVC, 8‑bit, 16:9 aspect)
- Audio: Built‑in stereo microphone, optional external mic input via mini‑USB
- Recording formats: H.264/AVC (MP4 container) with 8‑bit color depth
Storage and Memory
Internal memory: 1 GB (fixed, non‑expandable)
External storage: Compact Flash Type II, xD Picture Card (dual slot, both can be used simultaneously)
Battery and Power
Battery: EN-EL15 rechargeable lithium‑ion battery
Typical battery life: Approximately 350 shots per charge (AF‑S, standard mode)
Dimensions and Weight
- Dimensions: 135 mm × 95 mm × 76 mm (length × width × height)
- Weight: 615 g (including battery and SD card)
Features and Performance
Still Photography
The D90’s 10‑megapixel sensor delivers sharp, high‑resolution images suitable for medium‑to‑large prints. The sensor’s low‑noise performance at ISO 400–800 is notable, providing a clean signal with minimal grain. In low‑light conditions, the expanded ISO range allows for shooting in environments such as indoor events and nighttime scenes with acceptable noise levels. However, the lower resolution compared to contemporaries such as the Canon 1D Mark III (12 MP) limits the maximum print size and cropping flexibility.
Video Capabilities
While the D90 was the first Nikon DSLR to support high‑definition video, the quality was constrained by its 8‑bit recording and limited bitrate (approximately 25 Mbps). The frame rate of 30 fps at 720p is acceptable for casual video but falls short of professional standards that required higher frame rates and bitrates. Nevertheless, the D90’s video features were well received by hobbyists who desired a lightweight, cost‑effective camera for simple video projects.
Exposure Control and White Balance
The camera offers full manual exposure control, including shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. A comprehensive set of white balance presets, such as daylight, cloudy, tungsten, fluorescent, and custom, allows for precise color adjustment. Exposure compensation ranges from −3 to +3 EV in 1/3‑step increments.
User Interface and Menu System
The D90’s menu system is organized into categories such as Image Quality, Exposure, Video, Custom Functions, and Setup. Users can access submenus by tapping the touchscreen or using the multi‑function button. The camera also provides a set of custom function (C.Fn) settings that allow the user to reassign buttons and dials for improved workflow.
Durability and Weather Sealing
Unlike higher‑tier Nikon DSLRs, the D90 lacks a weather‑sealing system. The body is resistant to dust and moisture, but prolonged exposure to harsh environments is not recommended. Users who operate the camera in outdoor settings may wish to use a weather‑sealed lens and protective coverings.
Market Position and Competition
Position in Nikon Lineup
At the time of its release, the Nikon D90 was positioned below the D5000 and D3000 series and above the entry‑level D30. Its feature set, especially video capability, set it apart from older models such as the D80, which lacked video recording. The D90 was intended to appeal to enthusiasts who desired a versatile camera for both stills and simple video without the cost of professional‑grade equipment.
Contemporary Competitors
- Canon EOS 650D (Kiss X) – 18‑MP sensor, 720p video, touchscreen
- Canon EOS 60D – 18‑MP sensor, 720p video, no touchscreen
- Sony Alpha A6000 – mirrorless, 24‑MP sensor, 720p video
- Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX1 – 12‑MP sensor, 720p video, touchscreen
Compared to these models, the D90 offered a balanced mix of price, performance, and hybrid capability. However, its lower resolution and limited video bitrate made it less competitive in markets that demanded higher image and video quality.
Accessories and Upgrades
Lenses
Because the D90 uses Nikon’s F‑mount, it can mount a wide variety of prime and zoom lenses. Commonly paired lenses include the Nikon 50 mm f/1.8, 70‑200 mm f/4.5–5.6, and the Nikon 24‑70 mm f/4. The lens selection allows photographers to cover wide‑angle, portrait, and telephoto needs.
External Flash Units
External flash units such as the Nikon SB‑700 and SB‑900 can be attached via the hot shoe. These flashes provide advanced features such as wireless flash control and high power output.
Battery Extenders and Power Solutions
Third‑party battery extenders are available, allowing users to increase shooting time. Additionally, an AC adapter can be used for continuous operation during video recording sessions.
Third‑Party Viewfinders and LCDs
While the D90 includes a built‑in optical viewfinder and a touchscreen, users may opt for external viewfinders or monitor screens for improved framing during video shooting. Some third‑party manufacturers offer OLED viewfinders that provide better contrast and lower power consumption.
Software and Image Processing
Nikon Capture NX-D
The Nikon Capture NX-D software package allows users to import RAW files from the D90 and perform basic image editing such as color correction, white balance adjustment, and noise reduction. The software also supports conversion of DNG files to TIFF or JPEG.
Third‑Party Editing Tools
Common third‑party editing tools include Adobe Photoshop, Lightroom, and Capture One. These applications support the Nikon D90’s DNG format and provide advanced features for color grading and batch processing.
Firmware Updates
Nikon periodically released firmware updates that improved functionality such as autofocus accuracy, ISO performance, and video recording stability. Users were encouraged to keep the camera’s firmware current to ensure optimal performance.
User Community and Legacy
Community Support
The D90’s user base remains active in online forums and photography communities. Many enthusiasts share tips on optimizing video settings, lens combinations, and image processing workflows. The camera’s versatility makes it popular among hobbyists who transition to more advanced systems.
Influence on Nikon Design
Design elements introduced with the D90, such as the touchscreen interface and the integrated video encoder, influenced subsequent Nikon models. The D90’s success helped cement Nikon’s commitment to hybrid imaging solutions, leading to the development of later models such as the D7100, which incorporated similar features at higher performance levels.
Current Availability
Although discontinued, the D90 is still available on secondary‑market platforms. It remains an attractive option for budget‑conscious photographers who require solid still‑image quality and basic video capabilities. Many used D90s are sold in excellent condition with a full set of lenses and accessories.
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